# 防御机制索引 This index provides a comprehensive list of psychological defense mechanisms, organized according to George Vaillant's hierarchical model. ## Level 1: Pathological Defenses These mechanisms are considered the most primitive and are often associated with psychosis. They involve a significant distortion of reality. * [Denial](Denial.md) * [Splitting](Splitting.md) ## Level 2: Immature Defenses These mechanisms are common in adolescents and adults with personality disorders. They are associated with less effective coping and can lead to interpersonal difficulties. * [Acting out](Acting_out.md) * [Autistic fantasy](Autistic_fantasy.md) * [Devaluation](Devaluation.md) * [Fixation](Fixation.md) * [Help-rejecting complaining](Help-rejecting_complaining.md) * [Idealization](Idealization.md) * [Omnipotence](Omnipotence.md) * [Passive aggression](Passive_aggression.md) * [Projection](Projection.md) * [Projective identification](Projective_identification.md) ## Level 3: Neurotic Defenses These mechanisms are common in adults and are considered more mature than the previous levels, but they can still lead to long-term problems in relationships and work. * [Displacement](Displacement.md) * [Dissociation](Dissociation.md) * [Intellectualization](Intellectualization.md) * [Introjection](Introjection.md) * [Isolation of affect](Isolation_of_affect.md) * [Rationalization](Rationalization.md) * [Reaction formation](Reaction_formation.md) * [Repression](Repression.md) * [Undoing](Undoing.md) ## Level 4: Mature Defenses These are the healthiest and most adaptive defense mechanisms. They are associated with successful and fulfilling lives. * [Altruism](Altruism.md) * [Anticipation](Anticipation.md) * [Humor](Humor.md) * [Self-assertion](Self-assertion.md) * [Self-observation](Self-observation.md) * [Sublimation](Sublimation.md) * [Suppression](Suppression.md)